The High Cost Associated With Medicare - 790 Words

The high cost associated with Medicare requires approaching health care reform from an intentional perspective. One approach to help achieve integrated and efficient care is to foster accountability for quality and cost through performance measurements and â€Å"shared savings† payment reform. The approach provides a practical and feasible method for providers and organizations to improve their current revenue cycle processes, while maintaining provider incomes and reducing overall health care costs. Rising health care cost currently threaten the sustainability of the Medicare program. Although advances in biomedical knowledge and technological innovation offer cost saving improvements, the differences in spending across regions and health systems highlight the opportunity to improve efficiency by providing better care at lower cost (Fisher, McClellan, Bertko, Lieberman, Lee, Lewis, Skinner, 2009). On average regions with lower Medicare spending provide higher quality care and achieve better health outcomes. While regions with higher spending, due largely to the over use of â€Å"supply-sensitive† services, demonstrate high levels of inefficient use of health care resources. Providing a need to approach payment reform by addressing three barriers to care: lack of accountability, the volume reward system, and the penalties associated with cost saving innovations. One proposed method for addressing this issue is to realign payment incentives to better support health care providers.Show MoreRelatedMedicare : A Form Of Social Insurance1050 Words   |  5 PagesBackground on Medicare Medicare is a form of social insurance. It provides several types of health insurance to its beneficiaries. The large majority of those who benefit from medicare are people who are 65 years old or older. There are some exceptions to this for people under the age requirement but have certain disabilities or diseases. Medicare is made up of four parts: A, B, C, and D. Medicare part A is Hospital Insurance. This means that it covers the costs associated with a hospital visit,Read MoreNational Patient Safety Goals ( Npsgs )1525 Words   |  7 PagesNational Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs), established in 2002 by the Joint Commission, is to help accredited organizations address specific areas of concern in regard to patient safety (Catheter-Associated, 2015). NPSG.07.06.01 Implement evidence-based practices to prevent indwelling catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) is a 2015 NPSG (The Joint Commission, 2015). Our facility has 1.32 CAUTIs per 1000 device days (Carson, 2015). Decreasing CAUTIs can be achieved with a strictRead MoreSwitzerland Case Study976 Words   |  4 Pages(Cherry, B, (2014)) Government funded programs provide health coverage for the unemployed, elderly, low income and retired. â€Å"100 million Americans receive health insurance from government funded programs.† (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, (n.d)) G overnment funded programs are Medicare, Medicaid and childrens health insurance programs. According to a report released by the Commonwealth Fund, â€Å" the number of uninsured in the U. S has declined. About 29 millions American were uninsured in 2015.†(CollinsRead MoreNational Patient Safety Goals ( Npsgs )1524 Words   |  7 PagesNational Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs) were established in 2002 by the Joint Commission to help accredited organizations address specific areas of concern in regard to patient safety (Catheter-Associated, 2015). NPSG.07.06.01 Implement evidence-based practices to prevent indwelling catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) is a 2015 NPSG (The Joint Commission, 2015). Our facility has 1.32 CAUTIs per 1000 device days (Carson, 2015). Decreasing our CAUTIs can be achieved with a strictRead MoreSwitzerland Health Care System993 Words   |  4 Pages(Cherry, B, (2014)) Government funded programs provide health coverage for the unemplo yed, elderly, low income and retired. â€Å"100 million Americans receive health insurance from government funded programs.† (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, (n.d)) Government funded programs are Medicare, Medicaid and childrens health insurance programs. According to a report released by the Commonwealth Fund, â€Å" the number of uninsured in the U. S has declined. It is estimated that approximately 29 millions AmericanRead MoreThe Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1639 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the reimbursement rates for Medicare patients. Who makes up the Accountable Care Organization? We will also take a look into the Affordable Care Act and how the ACO is a part of that. What is the Accountable Care Organization? â€Å"Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) are groups of doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers, who come together voluntarily to give coordinated high quality care to their Medicare patients† (www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/ACO/indexRead MorePrivate Insurance Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesSharp rises in insurance premiums have forced employers to shifts costs to the employee by increasing deductibles, coinsurance, and pharmacy benefits (Trude, Christianson, Lesser, Watts, Benoit, 2002). Employers may offer their employees a choice of plans in the defined benefit model of health insurance benefits. Many of these plans have high-deductibles (referred to as high deductible health plans or HDHPs) that shift costs to the employee, the premiums are generally less expensive than managedRead MoreThe Tradeoffs Associated With The Medicare-For-All Policy721 Words   |  3 Pagesto fully evaluate the tradeoffs associated with the Medicare-for-all policy, it is imperative that a source of funding, or a payment model, is identified. Without this information, it is difficult to determine not only who would benefit and who would suffer, but how the system as a whole will respond to the healthcare choices of over 323 million people. Another important detail lies in the potential cost savings and efficiency for middle-class families. The Medicare-for-all plan promises to save theRead MoreMedicare : A Federally Administered Health Insurance Program1423 Words   |  6 Pages Med icare is a federally administered health insurance program that was started in 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson, taking effect in 1966. The Medicare program was aimed at aiding the high percentage of elderly individuals who were without health insurance coverage and thus improve their health. Originally, Medicare provided health insurance coverage for retirees and their spouses 65 years and older. However, in 1972 Richard Nixon signed the first change to Medicare, allowing for certainRead MoreCase Study Of Porter s Five Forces Model813 Words   |  4 Pagesconcentration of competitors. The hospital that I work at is the largest between Memphis and Nashville and has the busiest ER in the state of Tennessee. Therefore, the concentration of competition is low for that particular hospital. There are high fixed costs with a hospital such as buildings, overhead, equipment, and salaried personnel. Yet, a hospital does not cut their prices to increase patient census. However, i t could be questionable in a low census period as to whether there are additional

Essay about The Australian Automotive Manufacturing Industry

The Australian automotive manufacturing industry has experienced substantial structural change (â€Å"Productivity Commission†, 2014). This has been in response to changing market and competitive conditions overseas and in Australia, and reduced levels of assistance from governments (â€Å"Productivity Commission†, 2014). Following similar decisions by Holden and Ford, these factors have led to Toyota’s decision to abandon manufacturing in Australia by 2017. AMWU National Vehicles Secretary Dave Smith said â€Å"the decision would cost thousands of jobs, not only at Toyota but all the way down the supply chain† (â€Å"Devastating day†, 2014) and represents the â€Å"collapse of the automotive industry in Australia† (Novak, 2014). The purpose of this report is to†¦show more content†¦The difference is that according to stakeholder theory, a wide view is taken in that businesses have a responsibility to all of their stakeholder groups not just to shareholders (Freeman, Harrison Wicks, 2007). Broadly, a stakeholder is anyone that can affect or be affected by the activities of an organisation. EMPLOYEES A major consequence of Toyota ceasing their manufacturing in Australia by 2017 is that 2400 Australian Toyota employees will lose their jobs (Novak, 2014), and for some employees, retrenchment can lead to prolonged unemployment (â€Å"Productivity Commission†, 2014). In line with shareholder theory, businesses don’t have a responsibility to provide employment to a country as it is not a responsibility of business (Friedman, 1970). Therefore, Toyota doesn’t have a responsibility to provide employment to Australia as their only responsibility is to their shareholders and manufacturing in Australia simply isn’t viable, thus their decision cease their manufacturing in Australia is in accordance with shareholder theory. However according to stakeholder theory, Toyota needs work with the Auto Manufacturing Workers Union in defining the provision redundancy payments and retraining to their retrenched automotive manufacturing employees. Redundancy payments help displaced employees with immediate financial pressuresShow MoreRelatedAustralian Car Manufacturing Industry Comes to an End719 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction It is believed that the Australian car manufacturing industry has come to an end. The following essay will argue that the government should not provide finances to save the automotive manufacturing industry. There is a continuous debate between the shareholders of the automotive businesses and the Australian citizens on what should be done with this issue. In order to determine the strength of the argument, the following essay will completely analyze relevant information; examine theRead MoreImpact Of Globalisation In Australia1479 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowth in manufacturing and service industries, with limited growth in the rural sector. The car manufacturing industry in Australia had high levels of protection in motor vehicles, with an effective rate of protection, in excess of 200% and 57.5% for passenger motor vehicles, since the 1950s. However, the cuts in protection enabled an increase in imports, but the increased efficiency has led to a comparable rise in exports. Globali sation has benefited the consumer, at the expense of Australian manufacturersRead MoreImpact Of Globalisation In Australia1077 Words   |  5 Pagesflows, technology transfers and the migration of labour since its foundation as a colony. The impact of globalisation has changed the structure of Australia’s trade, with considerable growth in manufacturing and service industries, with limited growth in the rural sector. The car manufacturing industry in Australia had high levels of protection in motor vehicles, with an effective rate of protection in the, in excess of 200% and 57.5% for passenger motor vehicles, since the 1950s. However, theRead MoreThe Impact Of Subsidies And Tariffs On The Motor Vehicle Industry1512 Words   |  7 Pageson News.com.au. The key issues raised in the article include: †¢ Australian domestic car sales in steady decline and in 2014 fall to a 48 year low †¢ $1.3B loss over 10 years †¢ $1.1B of government funding over 13 years †¢ Ford to close manufacturing plants in Australia in 2016 †¢ Keep 1500 engineering jobs in Australia This paper explores the impact of subsidies and tariffs on the motor vehicle industry; the reduction of domestic Australian vehicle sales; the impact in the shift from low skilled to highRead MoreCase Study : Car Manufacturing Industry Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesGroup assignment Car manufacturing industry Nick 18929667 Zac 18920117 Matt 18932827 Brandon 18976121 Guy 18684312 Description The car manufacturing industry in Australia involved three main competitors including, Ford Australia, GM Holden and Toyota Australia. There were four but in 2008 Mitsubishi Australia, but stopped production of the last domestic Mitsubishi model the 380. Mitsubishi stopped the production of the large sedan because smaller cheaperRead MoreCase Study : Hybrid And Autonomous Technologies1558 Words   |  7 Pages3.1 Option 1: Continue with existing 3-pronged strategy and expand operations within the Australian market to focus on hybrid/autonomous technologies The first strategic option proposed is to expand operations within the Australian Market to focus on hybrid and autonomous technologies in addition to the existing three pronged strategy. The goals of this option include increasing production locally by adding new models for export and simultaneously transitioning models made overseas to being madeRead MoreThe Consequences of Globalization in Australia1293 Words   |  5 Pagesprotection of the world economy such as the successive reduction in trade barriers since the Second World War. Consequences that arise as a result of Globalisation are known to be both positive and negative. One consequence faced by Australian businesses and industries is the aggravation of unemployment. Another is competition, in which demand and supply are balanced out by a regulatory function when businesses challenge each other by offering the best price, quality and service of their ability.Read MoreStrategic Options For The Australian Market Focus On Hybrid / Autonomous Technologies1484 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategy and expand operations within the Australian market focus on hybrid/autonomous technologies †¢ Option 2 – Maintain 3-pronged strategy, seeking to leverage government support †¢ Option 3 – Remove two prongs, greater focus on the existing importing global model. Along with reducing the local manufacturing presence, and expanding the existing dealer network. 3.1 Option 1: Continue with existing 3-pronged strategy and expand operations within the Australian market focus on hybrid/autonomous technologiesRead MoreGlobalisation and Australian Automotive Industry3628 Words   |  15 PagesJapanese cars ply the streets, a mobile call can be enough to buy equities from a stock exchange half a world away, local businesses could not function without U.S. computers, and foreign multinationals have taken over large segments of service industries. Impact of Globalisation, both theoretically and practically, can be observed in different economic, social, cultural, political, financial, and technological dimensions of the world. Globalisation has created a new world order and is graduallyRead MoreToyota Australias The Australian Employee Is Inevitable1005 Words   |  5 Pagescompetitiveness, capability could not match the changed automotive market in Australia. In addition, no matter how Toyota Australia choose, the injury to Australian employee is inevitable. The only way for Toyota Australia to be more ethical is taking some remedial measurement. Recommendation(s) Based on the case evaluation, I recommend Toyota Australia terminate its operation and withdraw its manufacturing factories from Australia. On the basis of this recommendation, I will provide some suggestions

What is Microeconomics Free Essays

In Incentives, Commitments, and Habit Formation in Exercise: Evidence from a Field Experiment with Workers at a Fortune-500 Company study a wellness incentive program implemented at a large corporate headquarters office. Three groups of employees were given different types of financial incentives to visit the on-site fitness center, and their gym-going behavior was monitored for many months afterward. The incentives were that a set of employees received $10 per gym visit over 1 month. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Microeconomics or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the month was over then they were offered a 2 month contract to continue going with a little bit of a twist, to see the effect of it. How does a commitment contract work? The employee puts down a certain amount of money, they get to choose the amount. If they don’t stick to their commitment, they lose the money. They need to be able to go to the gym every 2 weeks over the next 2 months. It is all about risk vs commitment. How much do you really want this, do you want to see personal growth in yourself, are you doing it just so you don’t lose the money, it is all in your hands the way you decide to play it. Why would anyone want to take up this offer, the best possible result is breaking even? This was made to differentiate between your long-term preferences vs the short-term preferences. You may set a schedule saying I’m going Monday and Friday every week. You go Monday and you feel great after going and are excited to continue on Friday. You make it to Friday and you make plans with your friends instead of having your gym time. It was a long week so you want to have a good time. You should be able to reward yourself after a long week but do you think that you would feel even better and have a better time out if you went to the gym beforehand. With having this contract, say you know you haven’t been to the gym in 13 days and you need to go tomorrow or you lose your money. That might push people to get to the gym, not just for the money but that specific trip could make them want to keep going back in the long run. So the best-case scenario for a commitment contract is not just breaking even: its changing behavior in a positive way. About 1 out of every 8 employees offered a chance to create a commitment contract decided to do it (Royer, Stehr, Sydnor, 2015). Below are the results of the commitment contract subjects. It was shown that there was a spark in the gym visits more for the group who signed the contracts than when they were offered the $10 per visit. With the contract you are putting your own money on the line. You have something to lose if you don’t hold up your end of the bargain. In the long run it is not about the money, it is about your lifestyle and goals. You have things you want to achieve and sometimes you just need a little nudge to get you going. After the 2 month commitment ended, it was wanted to be known the long term effects of the subjects. It was shown that they had noticeably more frequent gym visits on average. Main Hypothesis: Does linking incentives to fitness really help you get to the gym more? Why is it that after the free trial period ends that most of the memberships decline? Why do people not continue on? See no results? Have no incentives? Commitment devices (Fitbit/ Apple Watch) may be the best way to achieve long-term changes New Year’s resolutions for most seem to be about Eating healthier, go to the gym more, and cut out sugar, most of health/Fitness related. Get statistics on the New Year’s resolutions. How may are making this there resolution and how many actually keep this resolution. 45% of people said that there 2018 resolution was to lose weight/get in shape Fitbit (27.4 million users) and My Fitness Pal (19.1 million users) are 2 of the most used fitness trackers in 2018 Only 8% of people keep their resolutions. People tend to over set goals. When they are too big to reach, you tend to fail. You also don’t want to under set your goals because you may be able to reach them too easily and not get the results out of them that you had really hoped. If you fail at your goal, that doesn’t mean you should give up. You just have to reevaluate the goal. You want to get back out there achieve your goals. Ex. You said you wanted to go to the gym 4 days a week, but that was too much with your schedule, you shouldn’t quit all together just go 2 days a week instead. Sources: https://www.statista.com/statistics/378105/new-years-resolution/ https://www.statista.com/statistics/650748/health-fitness-app-usage-usa/ https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/new-years-resolutions-psychology_us_5862d599e4b0d9a59459654c Economic Concepts: Everything is in the incentives, put it all out there. 54864132751300 Supply describes the total amount of a specific good or service that is available to consumers (Something needed or wanted) available to someone. (Market driven) People want a membership, they want to achieve their fitness goals, and they want to be a better version of themselves Demand consumer’s desire and willingness to pay a price for a specific good or service. Cost of membership may increase as more member sign up In the study- they had to put up their own money, they were able to risk for their goals 45720036575900 Cost – (of an object or an action) require the payment of (a specified sum of money) before it can be acquired or done. The money they had to put up, their time, their energy, their commitment Benefit -an advantage or profit gained from something. Better body, feel good about themselves, achieved goals Bottom line https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/11/five-economic-concepts-need-to-know.asp Concluding thoughts Reading articles, writing this essay has got me thinking about my fitness goals and lifestyle. I own a Fitbit and I do enjoy it but I need to get back to using it for all of its features and feeling proud of what I have accomplished in a day. You need to be persistent and have goals. You can’t just decide one day to start working out. You need a plan and be physically and mentally ready to conquer the task you set up for yourself. You need an incentive first, that is what gets your foot in the door, and then you continue going because you want to better yourself. Once you start the drive to better body helps keep going back. How to cite What is Microeconomics, Papers

Work Stress and Cigarette Smoking Behaviours

Question: Describe about the Work Stress and Cigarette Smoking Behaviours. Answer: Introduction Background and Problem of the Research Smoking is one of the primary threats to the health of human beings. Apart from the younger adults, the individuals involved in the health related professions are highly exploited to the addiction of nicotine due to the smoking initiation. From the context of UK, it has been observed that 90% of the health professionals are engaged in smoking due to the continuous working pressure from their respective workplace settings (Smith et al. 2013). Based on the various reports, it is ascertained that individuals already smoked 100 cigarettes in their lifetime are not likely to quit. Although, the rate of smoking is minimised in the younger adolescents, different evidence suggest that the smoking behaviour among the older adolescents associated with the health profession is continuously rising (Nelson et al. 2012). Therefore, it is crucial to understand the nature of the tobacco experience by the nurses. The certain understanding is further complicated by the empirical studies with the utili sation of various assumptions. These assumptions are highly focused on the perceptions or the experiences gained by the nurses during their professional commitments. Therefore, this study should need to be based on developing the correlation between the smoking behaviours of the individuals and the significant factor driving such activity. Aim and Objectives of the Study The key aim of the research is determining the significant correlation between the work pressure and smoking behaviours among the nurses working in the health institutions in UK (Hasselhorn, Tackenberg, and Peter 2013). With the help of achieving the predefined aim, it is expected to gather useful understanding regarding the significant factors forcing these health professionals towards smoking habit. Furthermore, some important research objectives have been formed in line with the identified aim. Evaluating the relationship between the depression at work and smoking behaviour among the nurses Determining the correlation between the smoking resistance self efficacy and smoking behaviours Conducting assessment of the relationship between the smoking resistance self efficacy and depression Hypothesis of the Study The null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis of the overall research are outlined below. The study is performed with the intention of developing the useful findings regarding the identified context of the research for supporting the statement as part of the alternative hypothesis (Saksvikà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Lehouillier et al. 2013). H0: There is no significant correlation between the stress levels and smoking behaviours among the nursing professionals H1: There is the presence of a significant correlation between the stress levels and smoking behaviours among the nursing professionals Method Introduction The section is developed based on the valuable information collected from the research participants. The section will highlight the approaches made and the techniques adopted for ensuring the effective collection of research data and supporting the analysis. In case of this particular study, selection of proper sample for deciding the appropriate research participants is highly important (Maslach and Jackson 2013). The particular decision for choosing the participants for the investigation should need to represent the identified context of the study. Apart from that, selecting the proper design and intended procedures also provide useful impact to the overall outcomes of the investigation (Jarczok et al. 2013). Additionally, the approaches and practices performed as part of the research method are all determined by complying these with the ethical guidelines and principles. Design of the Study The entire viability of the research is based on accessibility of the participants from the different health related institutions of the London area. It is evident that not all the nurses from the hospitals or nursing homes are unwilling to participate in the study due to their sensitivity issues. On the other hand, the extracting the feedbacks from the nurses is highly significant for the achieving the aim of the study (Schernhammer et al. 2013). Because of that, the cross-sectional study is selected as the particular design of the research. The fundamental reason of selecting such research design is the particular support obtained for conducting the study based on the survey questionnaire. The identified approach will ensure the anonymous responses from the research participants. Procedures of the Study The procedures of the study will be discussed to ensure the suitable collection of research data. The data collection process is mainly divided in two categories, such as primary and secondary data collection procedure. Primary data plays the significant role in answering the basic questions of the research and achieving the goal with developing a sound conclusion of the overall study (Tavolacci et al. 2013). It is decided that the Primary data will be collected by undertaking the survey questionnaire method. The questionnaire comprises of a set of questions towards the participants of the study, as they are formed in a structured manner to extract their close-ended responses (Kim et al. 2013). Secondarily, the secondary data will be collected by the works of previous scholars and academicians for shaping up the primary understanding reflected by the collection of primary data. Ethical Considerations Ethical implications are highly followed during the research. It is mentioned earlier that some nurses from the health facilities might find the topic of the research as highly sensitive. As a result, they might be reluctant to participate in the research. Hence, the data collection approaches and other practices of the research are performed by providing due emphasis to protect the personal identifies of the participants (Chao et al. 2015). During the execution of the proposed research methods, the respondents are assured to provide due protection for their privacy to ensure the proper and unhesitant participation to the investigation process. Participants of the Study The participants of the research are ten nurses from the healthcare facilities of London. For selecting the nurses, non-randomized sampling techniques was used, as the particular size of the population is high and complicated regarding the process of selection (Neville and Cole 2013). Results and Discussions Result The significant results of the study are generated by the effective involvement of the questionnaire survey dedicated to collect the responses from the research participants. Firstly, based on the scale of five, the stress levels of the nurses are measured by their feedbacks, where five represents the higher involvement of stress during their working commitment. Based on the stress level, the smoking behaviours of these nurses are measured to develop the understanding regarding the correlation between the perceived level of stress and smoking habits. From the table formed below, the suitable responses obtained from the respondents are highlighted effectively. Participant No. Average Cigarette Consumption in a Week Stress Level in an Average Week 1 20 5 2 2 2 3 40 5 4 2 1 5 10 4 6 20 4 7 5 2 8 1 1 9 25 5 10 9 3 (Table 1: Smoking Habit of the Nurses in relation to their Perceived Level of Stress; Source: Created by the Author) Discussion From the identified table, it is clearly acknowledged that nurses tend to smoke more cigarettes during their professional period when the perceived level of stress is high. It is reflected from the data collection that their average cigarette consumption in a week increases as their stress level during the week is becoming high. It can be stated that the escalating working pressure as part of the profession is leading the nurses of the country to become addicted to smoking habits. Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion From the overall findings, it can be reflected that there is a significant correlation between the work stress and cigarette smoking behaviours among the health professionals including the nurses of healthcare system. Increasing work stress creates rising depression among the female professionals to drive them engraining continuously in the smoking behaviours. From the application of the study, it is notified that the social factors are widely responsible for adolescent professionals to involve in the cigarette smoking within different communities. Strengths and Limitations The key strength of the intended study is developing the useful knowledge forcing the professional nurses of the healthcare settings to generate a smoking habit. The utilisation of the self-structured questionnaire for gauging the average stress during the workplace is also another primary importance of the study. Alternatively, there are some significant limitations of the study. One of which can be identified in the use of self-reporting questionnaire as the survey instrument for the data collection. The particular type of questionnaire cannot be verified by the other sources. Apart from that, neither any screening procedures nor chart reviews are performed during the development of research findings. It would help the entire finding of the study to be more rational and valid. Recommendations The entire study is conducted to highlight the smoking behaviours and stress experienced by the nursing professionals, where the result of the investigation may vary for the other healthcare professionals of the country. Therefore, it is recommended for the future research works to provide a broader emphasis to the context (Chao et al. 2015). Apart from that, the future studies must need to capture the various socio-demographic perspectives for devising the broad conclusion regarding the chosen subject. References Chao, A., Grilo, C.M., White, M.A. and Sinha, R., 2015. Food cravings mediate the relationship between chronic stress and body mass index.Journal of health psychology,20(6), pp.721-729. Hasselhorn, H.M., Tackenberg, P. and Peter, R., 2013. Effortreward imbalance among nurses in stable countries and in countries in transition.International journal of occupational and environmental health. Jarczok, M.N., Jarczok, M., Mauss, D., Koenig, J., Li, J., Herr, R.M. and Thayer, J.F., 2013. Autonomic nervous system activity and workplace stressorsa systematic review.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,37(8), pp.1810-1823. Kim, M.J., Son, K.H., Park, H.Y., Choi, D.J., Yoon, C.H., Lee, H.Y., Cho, E.Y. and Cho, M.C., 2013. Association between shift work and obesity among female nurses: Korean Nurses Survey.BMC Public Health,13(1), p.1. Maslach, C. and Jackson, S.E., 2013. A social psychological analysis.Social psychology of health and illness,227. Mouchacca, J., Abbott, G.R. and Ball, K., 2013. Associations between psychological stress, eating, physical activity, sedentary behaviours and body weight among women: a longitudinal study.BMC Public Health,13(1), p.1. Nelson, C.C., Li, Y., Sorensen, G. and Berkman, L.F., 2012. Assessing the relationship between workfamily conflict and smoking.American journal of public health,102(9), pp.1767-1772. Neville, K. and Cole, D.A., 2013. The relationships among health promotion behaviors, compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in nurses practicing in a community medical center.Journal of Nursing Administration,43(6), pp.348-354. Saksvikà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Lehouillier, I., Bjorvatn, B., Hetland, H., Sandal, G.M., Moen, B.E., Magery, N., kerstedt, T. and Pallesen, S., 2013. Individual, situational and lifestyle factors related to shift work tolerance among nurses who are new to and experienced in night work.Journal of advanced nursing,69(5), pp.1136-1146. Schernhammer, E.S., Feskanich, D., Liang, G. and Han, J., 2013. Rotating night-shift work and lung cancer risk among female nurses in the United States.American journal of epidemiology,178(9), pp.1434-1441. Smith, P., Fritschi, L., Reid, A. and Mustard, C., 2013. The relationship between shift work and body mass index among Canadian nurses.Applied Nursing Research,26(1), pp.24-31. Tavolacci, M.P., Ladner, J., Grigioni, S., Richard, L., Villet, H. and Dechelotte, P., 2013. Prevalence and association of perceived stress, substance use and behavioral addictions: a cross-sectional study among university students in France, 20092011.BMC Public Health,13(1), p.1.